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The Texas–Indian wars were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians. These conflicts began when the first European settlers moved into Spanish Texas. They continued through Texas's time as part of Mexico, when more Europeans, especially Americans arrived, to the subsequent declaration of independence by the Republic of Texas. The conflicts did not end until 30 years after Texas joined the United States. Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the "Lords of the Plains". Their territory, the ''Comancheria,'' was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, Mexicans, and, finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma. The half-century struggle between the Plains tribes and the Texans became particularly intense after the Spanish, and then Mexicans, left power in Texas. The Republic of Texas, which had increasing settlement by European Americans, and the United States opposed the tribes. Their war with the Plains Indians was characterized by deep animosity, slaughter on both sides, and, in the end, near-total conquest of the Indians.〔(Native American Texans )〕 Although the outcome was lop-sided, the violence of the wars was not.The Comanche were known as fierce warriors, with a reputation for looting, burning, murdering, and kidnapping as far south as Mexico City. They killed and captured so many Texans that Comanche became a by-word for terrorism in this region. When Sul Ross recovered Cynthia Ann Parker at Pease River, he observed that this event would be felt in every family in Texas, as every one had lost someone in the Indian Wars.〔Exley, J.A.. “''Frontier Blood: The Saga of the Parker Family''〕 During the American Civil War, when the US Army was unavailable to protect the frontier, the Comanche and Kiowa pushed white settlements back more than 100 miles along the Texas frontier.〔(Frontier Forts > Texas and the Western Frontier )〕 ==Background== Texas developed in the region between two major cultural centers of Pre-Columbian North America. The Southwestern tribes occupied the areas to the west and the Plains tribes occupied areas to the east. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this region and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. The Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region were centered west of Texas. The Mississippian culture or Mound Builder region extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas. The Mesoamerica civilization was centered south of Texas. The influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries.〔Richardson (2005), p. 9.〕 During the Colonial era, members of new cultures entered and settled in the area; through competition for resources and power, they became adversaries. All were relative newcomers to Texas; Europeans began permanently settling in Texas around the Rio Grande and upwards toward San Antonio and El Paso starting in the late 1600s; they reached Nacogdoches around 1721. The Comanche had not arrived into the northern area of the state until roughly the early 1700s; they did not become the predominant nation in the area until the late 1700s, following their successful adoption of the horse.〔("Timeline of History". The University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures at San Antonio )〕 Most other Plains Indians had already arrived by the mid-1700s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Texas–Indian wars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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